Computer Science Career Options 2019

If you read a list of job postings for computer science, many of them have very specific requirements. Three years experience working with C++Strong skills with Oracle (SQL) It seems as if most firms that are looking for help in the computer science field are looking for experience, in many cases more so than any particular degree. What is clear, however, is that the only way to learn these computer programming languages and networking architecture is by studying computer science. So rather than get into specific job descriptions that change with each job listing, this article will address the fields, or types of employment within the industry. Software Development is a primary field of endeavor in the computer industry. Professionals in this field must be familiar with the major operating systems and business software programs. It is important to be familiar with with programming languages such as C++ and computer protocols that are used to network computers using the same application. .ue288555ef97d80c2c72f0db0fc886ffd { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ue288555ef97d80c2c72f0db0fc886ffd:active, .ue288555ef97d80c2c72f0db0fc886ffd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ue288555ef97d80c2c72f0db0fc886ffd { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ue288555ef97d80c2c72f0db0fc886ffd .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ue288555ef97d80c2c72f0db0fc886ffd .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ue288555ef97d80c2c72f0db0fc886ffd:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Online Computer Science Degree Important Contributions to Society from Professionals in Computer ScienceResearch Analysis is an open field for people who are familiar with database programs and usage. Often these positions are with government agencies that issue annual reports based on the analysis of massive amounts of data. The Department of Labor issues quarterly reports on employment statistics. They must have a group of data analysts in place to put those reports together. The same is true for state agencies and for many large corporations that analyze their economic performance continually. System Administration and Security: Virtually all mid- to large-sized businesses have computer networks at the core of their operations. Computer science graduates who have specialized in network oversight can find work keeping those networks running and expanding them as businesses grow. Information security is vital in both the public and private sector, which is why it has become a major area of focus in many computer science degrees. .ud32a9bce3057c7b23725541f4a37e3df { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ud32a9bce3057c7b23725541f4a37e3df:active, .ud32a9bce3057c7b23725541f4a37e3df:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ud32a9bce3057c7b23725541f4a37e3df { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ud32a9bce3057c7b23725541f4a37e3df .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ud32a9bce3057c7b23725541f4a37e3df .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ud32a9bce3057c7b23725541f4a37e3df:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Online Psychology Degree A First Step to a Career as a Military PsychologistProduct Engineers and specifically, electrical engineers with an understanding of computer functions are always in demand. New product development is an extremely competitive area for companies that produce chip driven products. This is true both in the consumer industry and for businesses that manufacture communications equipment, both hardwire and wireless. Speed to market is often the principle element in commercial success. Network Design: Companies that are growing are constantly updating hardware and hardware configurations. This often means redesigned systems rather than expansion of old systems. Businesses that are growing from one site to multiple business locations are faced with distance networking as well as the intranets within headquarters buildings. While networking equipment is designed to be modular, no two networks are exactly alike. Computer science is a field that deserves some study of the marketplace as well as the academic pursuit. Even then, where your career path will take you is only an educated guess. However it is worthwhile to consider the electives in computer science and match them as closely as you can with the type of job you wish to pursue upon graduation. .ub570eb108bc5d2fc5cbfd6da60c080b2 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ub570eb108bc5d2fc5cbfd6da60c080b2:active, .ub570eb108bc5d2fc5cbfd6da60c080b2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ub570eb108bc5d2fc5cbfd6da60c080b2 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ub570eb108bc5d2fc5cbfd6da60c080b2 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ub570eb108bc5d2fc5cbfd6da60c080b2 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ub570eb108bc5d2fc5cbfd6da60c080b2:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Masters of Education Degree in Instructional Technology The Backbone of Innovation in EducationRelated ArticlesTo C or Not To C That is the Programming QuestionAn Introduction to Computer ProgrammingComputer Science TechnologyComputer Programming What is itPerls Value Among Programming LanguagesProgramming in Java

Genetic Engineering And The Canadian Regulation - 968 Words

Biotechnology is the application of scientific techniques and exploitation of biological processes used to improve and modify animals, plants and microorganisms to enhance their value through genetic manipulation. Over time, advances in the field of molecular biology has allowed scientists to take a particular gene from any organism, including, bacteria, viruses, plants or animals, and introduce those genes into another organism. An organism transformed using genetic engineering techniques is known as transgenic organism (Independent learning center, 2012). This paper discusses the positive and negative effects of genetically engineered organisms in agricultural applications and the Canadian regulation or legislation that relates to this issue. Many farmers in Canada have welcomed major crop plants produced by genetic engineering. Four major transgenic crops including canola, corn, soy and sugar beet have been approved for commercial production in Canada (Canada Agency, 2015). Transgenic organisms offer a range of benefits in the agricultural applications. Over many years, transgenic organisms have helped increase crop productivity by introducing drought tolerance and disease resistance to crops. Today, scientist has been able to select genes for disease resistant from other organism and relocate them to essential crops. For example, in the 1980, researchers from University of Hawaii teamed up with Cornell University to develop a papaya cultivar resistant to papayaShow MoreRelatedThe Use Of Genetically Modified Organisms, And Do The Benefits Outweigh The Potential Risks?860 Words   |  4 PagesSheldon (2011), â€Å"[These] crops can survive under harsh conditions, costs are lowered, and yields are improved† (p. x xi). These crops are now widely grown worldwide. Naturally, corn is rooted in a 6000 year old history of South America (Wilkes, 2004). Genetic modification of corn has become the most tested crop in the United States. Gewin (2003) wrote, â€Å"The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications confirms that biotech corn is the second-most common GM crop (after soybean)Read MoreGenetically Modified Animals : Genetic Engineering1518 Words   |  7 Pagesgene technology I hope to share some understanding in the process of gene transfer in animals, the process of obtaining genetically engineered animals, and analyze the social and moral implications associated with this gene technology in animals. Genetic modification of animals started thirty years ago with the production of genetically modified mice. Gene modification is the process of crossing and selective breeding of animals and has been carried out by breeders for quite some time now. These modificationsRead MoreThe Animals Of The Pigs1653 Words   |  7 PagesThe pigs as shown above in the picture with glowing green snouts are genetically engineered animals known as transgenic animals. Canadian council on animal care (CCAC) defines transgenic animal as â€Å"an animal in which there has been a deliberate modification of its genome†1. Method of Genetic Engineering to produce pigs with glowing green snouts: These transgenic pigs were produced using a technique called DNA microinjection2. For the very first time, 10 piglets with glowing green snouts were producedRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Foods1354 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationships.’(sciencedirect). The issue on Genectally modifed foods is a important topic to argue, because food is one of the most important factors in sustaning life, for without food, we are not able to survive and if we are tampering with food genetics, it could very well change the way we eat. Although, it could be argued that Genetically Modified Foods is indeed a benefit to society for it can benefit third world countries, and alter foods to become pest and disease resistant and weather resistantRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )1638 Words   |  7 Pagesorganism through using a restriction enzyme, a molecule that is able to remove certain parts of DNA. The desired gene is then inserted into a cut plasmid, a piece of DNA in bac teria cells that is separated by a restriction enzyme and is able to put new genetic information into an organism. The modified plasmid is introduced to a culture of bacteria such as agrobacterium tumefaciens where the plasmid will enter into the bacteria. The bacteria containing the particular gene is introduced to the plants whereRead MorePersuasive Speech: Why We Should Abandon Genetically Modified Food1580 Words   |  7 Pagesthis information to you, hopefully expanding your knowledge of genetically modified food. I hope that this conference will allow us to broaden our ideas of how to stop the wave of genetically modified foods that is sweeping our nation. With genetic engineering, transferring genes from one species’ DNA to another is just like taking a page out of one book and putting it between the pages of another book. Biotech food is not the answer to global food security, should be strictly regulated because ofRead MorePractices and Malpractice in Canadian Food Labelling1799 Words   |  8 PagesCanada’s food labelling practices are very much a work-in-progress. Labelling itself is a very important issue as it affects both product sales for companies and personal health for consumers, especially since most Canadian consumers learn about nutrition from food labels themselves (Nguyen) and are especially inclined to trust labels (Gruà ¨re, Carter and Farzin). Through labelling law, government is also able to impose food standards on products. An extensive set of rules to govern every possibleRead MoreEssay On Gmo1233 Words   |  5 Pagessides, I find myself leaning towards the health concerns of food that has been genetically altered rather than its benefits. Genetically modified foods are foods produced from organisms whose DNA has been altered using the methods of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering techniques allow for the introduction of new traits as well as greater control over traits than previous methods such as selec tive breeding. Commercial sale of genetically modified foods began in 1994, when a company named CalgeneRead MoreBackground On Genetically Modified Organisms Essay2278 Words   |  10 Pagesoutput by creating methods such as genetically engineering plants or animals to increase yields and grow better quality produce in shorter period of time (Dimayuga 2014). Figure 1: Genetically Modified Organisms infographic (Kids Right to Know 2016). GMOs are organisms with a modified genetic material (Du 2014). This process is done by genetically engineering (GE) the organisms through the use of recombinant DNA which allows transfer of genetic material from one species to another (Du 2014).Read MoreEssay921 Words   |  4 Pagesconclusion to the regulation of GMOs. They do not have hostile health effects on humans and on biodiversity because of the process by which they are engineered even though, scientists do acknowledge concerns of the possible impact. The controversy of GMOs has also lead to the controversy of regulation in labelling. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) and Health Canada are accountable for food labelling policies under the Food and Drugs Act. In Canada, the genetic engineering of foods is only

Yahoo Corporate Governance in Microsoft Takeover free essay sample

It is also the second largest internet search engine on the planet, behind Google, which is also their main competitor. Jerry Yang, 39, is Co-Founder, CEO, Chief Yahoo! and Executive Director and Susan L. Decker, 45, is President. Yahoo! , a Delaware corporation, was founded in 1994, went public in April 1996 and is headquartered in Sunnyvale, California. The Yahoo! board’s recent actions will be evaluated based on whether by blocking a hostile takeover bid from Microsoft, it considered what was in the best interest of the corporation and its shareholders. The business judgment rule usually prevails in a situation like this one where there is a â€Å"presumption that in making a business decision the directors of the corporation acted in an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action was in the best interests of the company. † . We know that the Yahoo! board was permitted to use defensive measures like the poison pill employed based on the legal precedence set in the Revlon case. The board of directors needs to act as a disinterested party and not breach other aspects of its fiduciary duty. There should be a reasonable benefit accruing for the company’s stakeholders even as the board of directors considers the interests of other constituencies as originally stated in the Unocal case and reaffirmed in the Revlon case. If however Yahoo! was clearly for sale to Google or another party after the Microsoft bid then the Yahoo! board has to become an auctioneer attempting to get the highest price for the shareholder’s benefit. We know that historically a poison pill defense to a hostile takeover will drive up the share price offered thereby increasing shareholder value. And we know in a business world where stock options and salary are used for board of directors compensation that the board members may be tempted to try to drive the takeover bid price above the strike price of their options rather than accept a lower premium price for all other shareholders. The board of directors then has a duty of loyalty to the company’s shareholders. In Paramount vs. Time the court further defined the two circumstances under which so called Revlon duties should be undertaken by a board of directors. The first situation happens when a corporation initiates an active bidding process to sell itself or breakup the company into separate pieces e. g. selling the Yahoo! search engine to Microsoft. The second situation in which Revlon duties may be triggered occurs when a target abandons its long term strategy and seeks another transaction that also breaks up the company. In the Yahoo! case we want to determine whether Yahoo! had a long term strategy rather than simply a reorganization plan headed by the Yahoo! President, Susan Decker. We learn from Paramount vs. Time that the court will look at the defensive actions like the poison pill in relation to the importance of the corporate objective threatened, alternative methods contemplated by the board and the impact of the defensive action on all the interested constituencies. The court does not want to make an economic decision as to whether a particular board decision was a wise one in terms of short term vs. long term investment and instead the court will support a boards actions under the business judgment rule. The business judgment rule does not apply if disgruntled shareholders can convince the court that the board of directors violated its fiduciary duties; shareholders usually claim a failure in the duty of care or the duty of loyalty. We will show in this paper that the board left itself wide open to such a derivative suit with their actions. For the past few years, Microsoft Corporation, the software behemoth located in Redmond Washington, has been looking to acquire Yahoo! , Inc. While Microsoft Corp. has numerous reasons to be interested in acquiring Yahoo! there are few options available for Yahoo! Inc. Like Google’s purchase of Double-Click in 2007, Microsoft sees Yahoo! as a way to extract internet advertising revenue. Further, Microsoft has for years sought to build a winning portal that could dominate the search engine market, currently dominated by Google. MSN was Microsoft’s version of AOL. Even after years of Research Development in this area, Microsoft still o nly has 19% of the internet search engine market (and that’s because of ISP bundling and desktop default presets. Actual search engine use of MSN is much lower than 19%. Google is a money-maker and has a dominating market share. Beyond the search engine market, there also is that â€Å"innovation† nirvana for which Microsoft is always searching. It wasn’t Hotmail, it wasn’t MSN maps, it wasn’t SoapBox, and the list of Microsoft Corp. disappointments goes on. Now they decided to go for a big acquisition. Microsoft’s original unsolicited offer of $44. 6 billion for a complete buyout of Yahoo! Was rejected by Yahoo! ’s board. Microsoft has continued to revise their bids, increasing it to $47. B to no avail. This initial bid was $31 per share a 62% premium for Yahoo’s shareholders. The usual list of synergistic savings was also used to justify such a large purchase. Microsoft and Carl Icahn’s, who owns 5% of Yahoo! , latest combined offer in July 2008 was a partial buyout of Yahoo! ’s search business for $9 billion cash and $3 billion a year in annual revenue. Even these terms were unacceptable to the Yahoo! board, of particular note; Carl Icahn would have been left in charge of the unconsumed portion of the company. On the flip side of the coin, Yahoo! s Jerry Yang, co-founder and CEO, sees a takeover by Microsoft Corp. as the beginning of the end for Yahoo! Fearful that Yahoo! will become another cog in the Microsoft wheel, Yang and the Yahoo! team has searched desperately for any alternative that would keep Yahoo! independent. The Yahoo! shareholders may be upset that Jerry Yang did not take Microsoft’s offer of $33 a share considering that Yahoo! ’ share price is now below $20. However, Carl Icahn did not have an alternative strategy for increasing shareholder value and he is known for breaking up companies into smaller parts. Icahn lost any remaining bargaining power when he began to flirt with Microsoft. With a perfunctory nod to fiduciary duty, Yang’s most recent move was to partner with Google, in a non-exclusive search ad deal for an eventual $800 million in ad revenue annually. However, the combination of the top two (2) players in the search ad business will give Google an effective 90% share. A move Microsoft protests and Congress is investigating. Yahoo! ’s estimates for the first year cash flow is between $250 and $450 million. Yahoo! nitially had a poison pill in place to defend itself from a hostile takeover attempt. As a defensive measure poison pills are considered to be like mutual assured destruction (MAD) strategy used by the nuclear powers during the Cold War. In fact a poison pill has never been triggered in a hostile takeover. Instead the threat tends to increase the final bidding price thereby benefiting current shareholders. Beyond partnering with Google, Yang has taken additional steps to bolster the flagging company, like giving President Susan Decker broad power in restructuring Yahoo! s divisions and settling with Carl Icahn and disenfranchised investors. Unfortunately for the shareholders, Yang and fellow board members have fought hard, too hard, to keep Yahoo! independently viable. Yahoo! Inc. ’s board of Directors is comprised of 9 individuals, including a separate Chairman and CEO (see Appendix A). For our analysis of the Yahoo! board’s actions, we should first note that Marty Lipton, a corporate lawyer credited with developing the poison pill takeover defense in 1982, decried the shareholder-centric board in a June 25 address at the University of Minnesota. He thinks that boards will have difficulty recruiting quality directors; there will be greater isolation of the CEO’s, and burdensome regulatory duties. Lipton believes that the vote of confidence by shareholders and the market will be the only way to â€Å"cope with the demands for short-term(and shortsighted) stock gains by activist hedge funds and make the long-term investments in the future of their businesses that are essential for future prosperity of our nation. While the board has interconnections between several members and the management team, it also has a set of members with a broad set of skills and experience. On the â€Å"independent board spectrum†, Yahoo! rates low, to the point of ignoring their fiduciary duty to shareholders and putting shareholders interests behind their interest in the Yahoo! entity. Jerry Yang, along with Eric Hippeau, and former board member, Robert Kotick, have expressed their desire to keep Yahoo! ’s independence, regard less of the offer on the table. Like most company founders, Yang believes Microsoft has significantly undervalued his Yahoo! After much wrangling, Yahoo! Inc. has now been forced to seat billionaire Carl Icahn on the board in a settlement reached on July 21, 2008. Carl Icahn takes Robert Kotick’s place who resigned voluntarily. Icahn will appoint an additional two board members, expanding the board to eleven members. Yahoo! apparently plans to add former Viacom CEO Frank Biondi and John Chapple the former CEO of Nextel partners to fill the two board seats controlled by Carl Icahn. Icahn and Biondi were part of the proxy battle to take control of the Time Warner board a few years ago. Yahoo! is experiencing an ever increasing loss of top engineers and managers. The worsening U. S. economy will likely hurt display advertising which is the central element in Yahoo! ’s business. Yahoo! ’s most recent quarterly profits have fallen again. Microsoft and Google both see hard times ahead for online advertising. Google initially surpassed Yahoo! in technology then left it in the dust as a competitor. Yang responded to the Microsoft bid by outsourcing Yahoo! s search/online advertising business to Google. The Yahoo! management team and board are working hard to justify turning down the $47. 5 billion offer to shareholders. Jerry Yang states that the compromise with Carl Icahn will put the distraction behind Yahoo so that he can pursue the strategy to reinvigorate Yahoo! ’s falling stock prices. There has been very little done with the exception of Su san Decker’s reorganization plan. At a recent shareholder meeting, Yahoo! Chairman Roy Bostock received support from only 60% of Yahoo! hareholders votes cast and CEO Jerry Yang received only 66% of votes cast. To confuse matters further, at the July 2008 Annual Meeting, shareholders gave Yang and the other board members a strong vote of confidence, even in light of the talks with Microsoft breaking down. Yahoo! ’s stock price has continued to decline since the offer was withdrawn. Apparently unhappy with the results, Capital Research Global Investors, a 6. 2% shareholder, asked for a review of how its votes were cast in the election showing additional shareholder dissatisfaction. Now that we have a framework of the events that have transpired, we can evaluate the whether the Board of Director’s upheld their fiduciary duty to Yahoo! Inc. shareholders when they rejected Microsoft Corporation’s initial buyout offer. Microsoft Corporation’s full buyout offer was for $47. 5 billion. While the consensus among most analysts is that the Yahoo! ’s board did not meet their fiduciary duty to the shareholder, we wanted to be certain. Appendix B is a table and chart of Yahoo! and Microsoft stock prices before and after the Microsoft offer. As you can see, at Friday’s (08/08/2008) price of $19. 0, Yahoo! ’s stock price is well below the $28. 70 a share in May 2007, when talk of a buyout first leaked to the press. Yahoo! Inc. ’s book value was $12. 3 billion (Appendix C) and the market capitalization was $38 billion in 2008 just prior to when Microsoft offered to buy them out at a 62% premium. Since that time, Yahoo! has not created value for their shareholders; instead Yahoo! has seen its total market capitalization decrease to $28. 35 billion as of 8/8/2008. It is hard to imagine how the Yahoo! board could put their care of duty to shareholders first and still turn down Microsoft’s offer. In their press release, Yahoo! stated to following: After careful evaluation, the Board believes that Microsoft’s proposal substantially undervalues Yahoo! including our global brand, large worldwide audience, significant recent investments in advertising platforms and future growth prospects, free cash flow and earnings potential, as well as our substantial unconsolidated investments. The Board of Directors is continually evaluating all of its strategic options in the context of the rapidly evolving industry environment and we remain committed to pursuing initiatives that maximize value for all stockholders. This statement is pretty weak and does not meet the Revlon standard. They are not saying that the Yahoo! is not for sale, but simply that the Microsoft offer was too low. This implies that they are for sale and the Revlon standard requires to board to act as auctioneers for the company to get the highest price for the shareholders once it has been established that the com pany is for sale. This statement may not have been enough on its own, but when they then went to AOL and others to solicit offers, it cemented that fact that the company was for sale. The board added insult to injure when Yahoo! ecently updated the amount it has paid to fight off the Microsoft takeover attempt to $36 million, which is more than one-third of its third quarter earnings of $131. 3 million. Speculation is that Yahoo! succeeded in what was the goal of CEO Jerry Yang and Chairman Roy Bostick from the beginning of Microsoft’s bid, to keep Yahoo! out of Microsoft. In summary, we believe that the Yahoo! board has left itself open to a derivative lawsuit from its shareholders. The basis for this lawsuit is the premise that the Yahoo! board violated its fiduciary duties to Yahoo! hareholders by rejecting the Microsoft bid. We feel that there may be enough evidence in this case to prove that the Yahoo! board of directors violated the duty of loyalty and duty of care, and they are not protected here by the business judgment rule according to the Revlon standard. There appears to be a â€Å"bad faith† action upon the part of the board of directors since they were responding to the whims of the CEO, who didn’t want to work with Microsoft, instead of finding the highest price for the shares. The CEO, Chairman and board of directors did not act in the best interests of Yahoo! shareholders.

Role Of The Quantity Surveyor Construction Essay Example For Students

Role Of The Quantity Surveyor Construction Essay In order to place the function of the measure surveyor in the current industry in the UK, we will reexamine the measure surveyor s engagement and responsibilities during each of the different phases of the building rhythm. We will besides reexamine how and when a client appoints a measure surveyor, in order to understand his early engagement in the procedure. To reason, we will explicate how the measure surveyor claims his/her fees and how the client pays for the QS services. But foremost, allow s look to history in order to better understand where the profession of measure surveyor originates from and when it foremost appeared in the UK. Outline1 3.0 History2 4.0 THE ROLE OF A QUANTITY SURVEYOR IN THE PRESENT3 5.0 WHEN TO APPOINT A QUANTITY SURVEYOR4 6.0 HOW TO SELECT AND APPOINT A QUANTITY SURVEYOR5 7.0 Servicess OFFERED BY A QUANTITY SURVEYOR6 Measure appraising in building stages7 Origin and feasibleness8 Design phase9 Tender paperss10 Tender choice and assessment11 Construction12 Post contract13 8.0 Payment14 9.0 Decision15 Bibliography 3.0 History We can follow the roots of the measure surveyor profession back to the rebuilding of London following the ill-famed Great Fire in 1666. Prior to this, edifices for the most portion were built on a design physique agreement whereby the client would rede the builder on what was wanted and the maestro builder would work out the program, contract all the specialist shopkeepers and frontward measures to the client at regular intervals. The job with this agreement was that the client would non cognize how much the edifice was traveling to be before building work had finished or was close to completion and if the client wanted several estimations or citations so each builder would necessitate to make the computations therefore adding to attempt and cost. Due to the sheer graduated table of Reconstruction after the Great Fire, a more efficient manner of ciphering edifice costs and supplying estimations was needed and this is where the measure surveyor comes in. Originally, the function of the measure surveyor was to develop a measure of measures based on the designer s drawings and specifications so that any house desiring to tender for a undertaking could cipher it on the same footing therefore cut downing duplicate of attempt. The service that the QS provided was originally paid for by the contractors tendering for the work but the function shortly became one of the client s duties as it ensures that all tenderers were provided with indistinguishable stamp paperss. Until the beginning of the twentieth century, the big bulk of major constructing work was procured by the authorities or by private persons where cost was non the chief standard. However, following issues in the railroad building industry with traveling over budget and the non-payment of contractors, another alteration to the profession was to come. What is now the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors ( RICS ) was founded in 1868 and it developed agencies of commanding building costs by accurately mensurating the work required and using specialist cognition of costs/prices of work, labor, stuffs and works. Quantity surveyors would subsequently utilize this cognition to measure the deductions of design determinations at an early phase therefore guaranting complete value for money. As we can see, the function of the measure surveyor has adapted throughout its being to accommodate current economic clime and to happen better ways of run intoing the demands of the building industry. This continues today. 4.0 THE ROLE OF A QUANTITY SURVEYOR IN THE PRESENT Measure surveyors are basically the comptrollers of the edifice profession. They are in charge of planning and managing costs for building undertakings from the start of a undertaking to its completion. Quantity surveyors, otherwise known as QSs, either work for private patterns moving on behalf of clients or for a catching house which carries out building work. Those working for the latter, frequently known as a contractor s measure surveyor, be given to be responsible for legal and commercial affairs within the administration. Interestingly, the British measure surveyor has developed otherwise to its European opposite numbers in that pre and station contract functions are by and large split. Therefore, the measure appraising profession as we know it is a really British establishment because of its history. Thankss to their adaptability and their premise of several different functions and duties, the modern measure surveyor has many names. For illustration, private patterns refer to themselves as cost advisers and project directors because of the type of work they now deal with. Besides, the contractor s measure surveyor is now frequently termed commercial directors . Police Brutality EssayAdvise on guarantees. Advise on bonds for public presentation and other affairs. Prepare stamp and contract paperss with the client and members of the design squad. Provide transcripts of certification as agreed Advise on usage and/or amendments of the standard signifier of contract or assist the client s legal advisor with the drafting of peculiar demands. Organise the signifier of contact, obtain contract drawings from members of the design squad and prepare and direct contract transcripts of all certification to both parties. Tender choice and assessment At this phase of the stamp actions phase the QS must: Advise on short naming prospective tenderers. Look into tenderers and rede the client on their fiscal standing and experience. Attend pre-contract interviews with tenderers. Arrange for the bringing of paperss to the selected tenderers. Check stamp entries for truth and pricing. Advise on mistakes and makings and, if necessary, negociate on offers. Advise on entry of work programme and method statement. Prepare suited certification, if necessary, to set the stamp received to an acceptable contract amount. Review fiscal budget in visible radiation of stamps received and fix revised hard currency flow. Prepare stamp studies with recommendations where appropriate. Construction During the building phase the measure surveyor will: Prepare recommendations for probationary payments to contractors, subcontractors and providers in conformity with the contract demands. Post contract During the concluding phase of the building rhythm the QS will: Assess interior decorator s bill of exchange for changing the undertaking before issue. Prepare periodic cost studies in the in agreement format at specified intervals saying any cost distribution and/or transcripts as requested by 3rd parties. Fix the concluding history. Attend meetings as agreed. Provide transcripts of certification as agreed. 8.0 Payment The client shall pay the QS for the proviso of the services required. All fees and charges are collectible in episodes harmonizing to the fee offer clause and, under the understanding, are sole of VAT which, if due, is to at the same clip. The due day of the month for payment shall be 7 yearss following the day of the month of invoice entry. The measure surveyor must corroborate the footing on which the declared sum is calculated on each bill. The concluding day of the month for payment is 21 yearss after the due day of the month for payment. This is the absolute concluding day of the month for payment and payment can non be made after this clip. Any amount owed to the measure surveyor under the understanding which remains unpaid by after the concluding day of the month is capable to involvement at the rate fixed in the fee offer clause. 9.0 Decision A measure surveyor needs to use a broad scope of accomplishments in order to stand out in the profession. Measure surveyors need to negociate with all types of people, from constructing site workers to managers, which means that they need to possess good people accomplishments and be able to show themselves good both when speech production and in authorship. Knowledge in a wealth of countries such as edifice jurisprudence and ordinances, wellness and safety, revenue enhancement and insurance, contract jurisprudence and the building procedure are indispensable to the profession as the measure surveyor needs to understand any legal deductions involved in the building procedure. Excellent numerical and computing machine accomplishments are indispensable every bit good as the ability to read architectural drawings. A measure surveyor needs to be flexible in footings of working hours and holding to travel on site to decide a job or take measurings. When there s a deadline to run into, it is the measure surveyor s duty to guarantee that it is met and so weekend/evening work is on the cards. As we can see, the measure surveyor has to hold a broad scope of accomplishments, abilities and cognition in order to stand out in the profession. The QS is so much more than an comptroller for the edifice trade and with greater chances abroad and the growing of the commercial direction side, the function of the QS is bound to go on to accommodate and turn to run into the demands of the current clime and its demands. Bibliography Client usher to the Appointing a Quantity Surveyor, first edition ( February 1992 ; RICS books Cost Planning of Buildings, Eighth Edition ; Ferry and Brandon Lecture notes 2010 ; Discipline Project 2 RIBA Outline Plan of Work 2007 amended Nov 2008

Whats so bad about feeling good Essay Example For Students

Whats so bad about feeling good? Essay Politics and circumstance have conspired, it seems, to land us squarely in the No Generation: Sex is dangerous, private freedoms are public business, personal flamboyance is suspect. Small wonder that were nostalgic for the profligate pastfor a time when the sensualist was ascendent, when the flouting of conventional wisdom earned one a place, paradoxically, in the wisest of coteries; when the real social danger seemed to be in not exercising freedom. If it werent too close for clear-eyed perspective, the 1970sthe so-called Me Generationmight serve as an antidote to the censorious present. But theatre companies are gazing further back: to the rich and complex allurements of the Restoration. In todays pleasure-negative atmosphere, the Restoration comedies of 300 years ago might seem on the surface to be pretty museum pieces, distant and enticing. But recent attention paid them by Actors Theatre of Louisville and Washington, D.C.s Arena Stage attest to their affinities with our present age. ATLs Classics in Context Festival, culminating in a visitors weekend last Oct. 9-11, addressed the social, aesthetic and political influences surrounding the plays of Etherege, Wycherley, Behn, Congreve and Farquhar. Three days of lectures and colloquia were accompanied by productions of John Aubreys Brief Lives and Farquhars The Beaux Stratagem. The following week, Arena opened Congreves The Way of the World. Outline1 An explosion of license  2 Practicing safer theatre  3 Artifice twice removed   An explosion of license   We will write a custom essay on Whats so bad about feeling good? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now No mere exercise in theatre history, the Louisville conference was illuminated throughout by sparks of contemporary recognition. To quote Wycherleys Lady Fidget, Comparisons are odious. But who could miss the analogy to the age of AIDS when it was pointed out that the London Plague of 1665 was thought by some at the time to be divine retribution against a licentious era? Without explicitly evoking modern corollaries, Albert Wertheim of Indiana University implied that the cycle of expression and repression of artistic freedom that whirled through the Restoration is one that is spinning around even today. The periods explosion of theatrical license was the result of Oliver Cromwells Puritan rule over England from 1642 to 1660; Wertheim raised hopes that perhaps, after an analogous 12-year Republican reign, we are today preparing for another explosion. As Columbia Universitys Julie Stone Peters detailed the inextricable relationship between art, sex and politics in the hyper-eroticized court of Charles II, one couldnt help but ponder what a queasy mixture those ingredients make today. Just as sex has become increasingly politicized in the 1990s, profanity and moral turpitude were utilized as a political cudgel at the end of the 17th century. A reading from Jeremy Colliers 1698 diatribe A Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage, peppered with words like smuttiness, debauchery, indecency and rankness, evoked the Rev. Donald Wildmon and his American Family Associations attacks on blasphemous and obscene art. A discussion on the necessity of embracing the controversial became so volatile that several Louisville audience members got up and left the auditorium during the weekends concluding colloquium on theatre censorship. Practicing safer theatre   The voluptuous pleasures of watching a play are ideally selfless, and therefore moral. An examination of the immorality of the Restoration stage and its period reveals a surprisingly moral landscape. In selecting Restoration plays for production, both ATL and Arena took a self-consciously restricted modern perspective: Despite the promising lure of outrage and delight, the two companies ultimately practiced safer theatre, deflating the impassioned plea voiced in Louisville by Ben Cameron, formerly of the National Endowment of the Arts, that theatre reclaim the issues of principle rather than taste, of the long-term investment in the creative spirit rather than the issues of momentary comfort. Satire, by its very nature, has a moral purpose. Although leaning toward the good-natured, sentimental plays of Steele and the later laughing comedies of Sheridan and Goldsmith, Farquhars Beaux Stratagemthe centerpiece of the Classics in Context weekendbuilds from this morally satiric base. ATLs literary manager Michael Bigelow Dixon asserts that this most frequently produced comedy of the 18th century presents a portrait of necessitythe necessary actions that men and women must take in a society that discriminates and limits the rights of women, younger sons and the lower classes. When he wrote the play in 1707, Farquhar was poor, ill and wretchedly married, and so his actual intention may not have been to repair widespread societal wrongs so much as to paint a portrait of freedom from individual pain. Yet the two things are really the same. His last line, though in reference to Englands as yet unestablished divorce laws, is a vestige of the lubricousness that ruled Charles IIs cour t some 40 years earlier: Consent is law enough to set you free. As an anthem from the 1960s put it: If it feels good, do it. Personal happiness seems an unexalted goal, but not if it is embraced with bravura and gusto. In the ATL production of Beaux Stratagem, unfortunately, the lovers, the schemers, the thieves, the intoxicants all seemed to go through their paces for reasons other than sensual fulfillment, emphasizing stratagem over desire. Ray Frys production of John Aubreys Brief Lives, adapted by Patrick Garland, gave a truer taste and feel of Restoration life. In Paul Owens outstanding scenic design, the smell of rotting fruit, chamber pots and scalded milk was almost palpable. William McNulty as Aubrey addressed the audience directly, implicating us in his web of gossip and delineating a character who would desiccate and perish without these tales to tell. Ultimately, Aubreys own life is a sad one because it is virtually non-existent; he defines himself by others deeds and thoughts, by the mandates of the status quo, by the necessities of appearance in a beau monde. Rather than exposing the rank underbelly of society, Congreves 1770 Way of the World with its perukes, powders, chiffon and convolutions of plot that detract from harsher sexual-political realities takes a safer route than, say, Ethereges Man of Mode or Vanbrughs The Relapse or Wycherleys The Plain Dealer, which skewer uptight, upright moralists. Writing under more-or-less self-imposed censorship, Congreve was responding to both a shifting popular taste and the very public temper tantrum of the Rev. Jeremy Collier. (Collier reserved especially damning censure for Congreves earlier plays, particularly Love for Love.) Although reluctant to enter into the fray, Congreve published his own pamphlet in 1698, Amendments of Mr. Colliers False and Imperfect Citations, in which he defends his own dramaturgy. I will not justify any of myerrors; I am sensible of many, he wrote later, admitting that there are crimes too daring and too horrid for comedy. What starts out as apologia ends up reading like apology. Disheartened, perhaps, by self-censorship, Congreve was to make Way of the World his last play. .u47bf107042d169f3e13ef189a493c4ac , .u47bf107042d169f3e13ef189a493c4ac .postImageUrl , .u47bf107042d169f3e13ef189a493c4ac .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u47bf107042d169f3e13ef189a493c4ac , .u47bf107042d169f3e13ef189a493c4ac:hover , .u47bf107042d169f3e13ef189a493c4ac:visited , .u47bf107042d169f3e13ef189a493c4ac:active { border:0!important; } .u47bf107042d169f3e13ef189a493c4ac .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u47bf107042d169f3e13ef189a493c4ac { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u47bf107042d169f3e13ef189a493c4ac:active , .u47bf107042d169f3e13ef189a493c4ac:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u47bf107042d169f3e13ef189a493c4ac .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u47bf107042d169f3e13ef189a493c4ac .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u47bf107042d169f3e13ef189a493c4ac .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u47bf107042d169f3e13ef189a493c4ac .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u47bf107042d169f3e13ef189a493c4ac:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u47bf107042d169f3e13ef189a493c4ac .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u47bf107042d169f3e13ef189a493c4ac .u47bf107042d169f3e13ef189a493c4ac-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u47bf107042d169f3e13ef189a493c4ac:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Moot Essay Artifice twice removed   Congreve superimposes on his characters the suppression he himself was experiencing. The way of his world is the way of self-negation; nowhere in the play is there any of the freewheeling, free-spirited hedonism (except the love for money) that propelled his earlier works. Even the romantic relationships are reduced to purely mercenary levels; the courtship of Millamont and Mirabell, for example, culminates in the famous proviso scene an uncannily prophetic version of todays prenuptial agreement. The modern parallels of Way of the World have more to do with the events surrounding the writing of the play than with the experience of watching it; though purporting to show us the way of the Restoration world, it merely tells us what it looked and felt like, and even that representation is artifice twice removed because Congreve was writing under pressure the pressure of a changing society. But if Arenas production of Way of the World was unsanguine, it was no fault of the director, designers or actors. This visually stunning production unfolded in a series of artificial tableaux, pretty and arch, against a painted floor by Loy Arcenas depicting secret missives and watchful eyes, and with sumptuous costumes by Paul Tazewell. A clever new prologue written by production dramaturg Laurence Maslon helped explain the nearly inexplicable relationships between the characters. The direction by Kyle Donnelly was taut, rooted in time and personality. She transplanted the opening sceneoriginally set in a chocolate house to a steaming room. The sight of Mirabell, Fainall and Witwoud draped in nothing but towels was thematically bold; stripped of their waistcoats, breeches and wigs, the characters could have been our contemporaries. Juicier figs of the Restoration are ripe for picking. If a modern-day renaissance of Restoration studies and theatre is indeed underway, let us make our choices as brazen and as combative as the early Restoration, but with the full understanding that, inevitably, the cycle will come around again, and a New Puritanism will resurface. As it always has. Perhaps it is the spinning of the wheel that determines from time to time our freedom.

Death of a Spy Satellite Program Informative Essay Sample

Death of a Spy Satellite Program Informative Essay Sample affiliations and objectives.

Environmental Effects of Plastic Water Bottles Essay

Environmental Effects of Plastic Water Bottles - Essay Example Research shows that approximately 18 million barrels of oil are used every year to manufacture plastic bottles in the US. It is also estimated that almost 3 million metric tons of carbon dioxide are generated from the production process. Other studies indicate that approximately 3 billion of plastic bottles are disposed of in the landfill. Less than 15% of the plastic bottles are recycled. As a result, the disposal cost for plastic waste is estimated at $100 million inclusive of the transport, collection, and litter removal cost.According to Dobkin, & Weigand, recycling of plastic bottles will ensure that the funds used for disposal are directed to more pressing issues such as the maintenance of public water infrastructure.Despite the availability of recycling infrastructures for plastic bottles, according to Hopewell, Dvorak, & Kosior, (2009), 85% of the plastic water bottles still end up in the landfills. Approximately 20 billion plastic bottles are disposed of in the landfills. Ea ch plastic bottle takes up over 500 years to decompose. The landfills are not only filled with plastic bottles, Li, et al., suggests that over 20 billion glass bottles that never decomposes also end up in the landfills. The chemical compounds used to manufacture the plastic bottles can have devastating effects on the human health. Studies show that plastic bottles used by most households are commonly made from polycarbonate compound. The compounds are usually released in the liquid stored in the container.

Sales planning and operations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sales planning and operations - Assignment Example In such cases, the exhibition becomes beneficial where the company can test the consumer reaction. However, the exhibition also possesses many disadvantages. For instance, it involves the availability of all the staffs for a particular period and so there is no concentration in other fields. Also, exhibitions are found to be very costly for a company. There is a difference between industrial and consumer divisions. Industrial divisions basically deal with industries whereas consumer divisions deal with various retail outlets. Exhibitions like trade fair, canton fair, conference, as well as exhibitions in overseas can be targeted for a luggage company. The conference programme can be quite effective for a luggage company. The conference held between the company and the customers or distributors could help in taking the sales order and enhancing the demand along with brand loyalty. The exhibition is one of the tools frequently used by companies as their communication strategy. It conve ys about the products’ features and advantages of using it. Basically, the exhibition team is managed by an organization among the employees themselves who can conveniently influence the customers and make them understand the product features. Exhibitions would actually be beneficial for the luggage company because customers in today's context require the detailed explanation for the purchase of products like iPads and tablet computers and moreover it would easily influence the customers and solve their queries at once.... The strategies can include channel segmentation and selection of effective channel for the distribution of the product among others (Boone & Kurtz, 2011). Target Marketing is very essential for the introduction of new product in the market. Target market is generally focussed on a specific market where the probability of buying iPads and tablet computers would be more. The term ‘target market’ involves focusing or evaluating various factors like targeting the current customers, analysing the competition, and evaluating the demographic factors. The target market for the luggage company can be people belonging to 18-40 years group. It can also target travellers like leisure traveller, business traveller and adventurous travellers among others (Boone & Kurtz, 2011). The company must evaluate the marketing mix effectively that is to be used for launch or marketing of the new product. The word mix describes the strategies’ combination of price, product, place and promo tion of the products. The company can make pricing strategies depending on the ability and need of the customer and also evaluating the price fixed by the competitor. Different promotional activities like sales promotion, advertising and publicity can be useful in enhancing the growth. The strategies for product will help in building the features according to the customer requirement and similarly, strategies for place would help it in evaluating the place where the probability of purchase would be higher. The company has to make proper decisions on the utilization of the right marketing mix at the right place (Boone & Kurtz, 2011). Promotional mix generally specifies all the techniques or

Flashbulb memory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Flashbulb memory - Essay Example Kennedy was assassinated. Should this individual remember that they were flying a kite on the beach that day, this is an example of flashbulb memory. Flashbulb memory is generally a unique phenomenon for each person experiencing it, with some individuals reporting more negative emotions with an event while others reflect positively on a particular moment in time. As such, there does not appear to be a unanimous belief in the psychological community that flashbulb memories will hold the same value or importance for each individual person. However, the fact that the human mind maintains the ability to instantly recall events from history with unbelievable accuracy tends to illustrate the complexity of human cognitive capabilities. Ask any group of individuals to describe the exact details of a specific day in the calendar year, perhaps a day when the group was in elementary school. Likely, they will not be able to provide details of the event with any kind of clarity. However, utilizing the aforementioned John Kennedy reference, cooking guru Julia Child can easily recall that she and her husband were eating soup at the time of the assassination (Greenberg, 2005). Another disaster occurred in England in which nearly 100 soccer fans were crushed to death during a stadium catastrophe. One month after the incident, all surveyed respondents were able to clearly remember the events of their lives at the moment they heard the news of the stadium disaster (Luminet, Curci, Marsh, Wessel, et al, 2004). All of the aforementioned situations would tend to illustrate that flashbulb memories are created by some form of rememberable stimuli, which engrains the daily events of an individual and links them directly with the tr aumatic or inspirational event. Though there is no clear evidence as to why this phenomenon occurs, however it has been suggested by several researchers that individuals are capable of

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Pet Rabbits S1009684

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Pet Rabbits S1009684 Analyzing the prevalence of intestinal parasites in pet rabbits s1009684 ABSTRACT Domestic rabbits are becoming increasingly popular as household pets. There is conflicting advice currently given to pet owners with regards to the prevalence of intestinal parasites. 36 rescue rabbits were faecal sampled and assessed for intestinal parasites using a McMasters counting chamber method whereby oocysts per gram (OPG) were calcualted. Of the 36 rabbits sampled, 30 were shown to have intestinal parasites, coccidia being the most prevalent at 83%. Age of the rabbit sampled showed to be a significant indicator for prevalence of infection with rabbits 3 months to 1 year old having the highest prevalence of coccidia. Breed or number in housing environment had no effect on prevalence. Nematodes and cestodes were found in some of the rabbit faecal samples but were not considered significant. No rabbit sampled showed signs of disease or ill health, therefore concluding that OPG was not an indicator for prophylactic intestinal parasite treatment. INTRODUCTION Rabbits are currently rated the third most popular pet in the UK with PDSA estimating the pet population to be around 1.7 million (PDSA Animal Wellbeing Report 2012). As pet rabbits are available in a multitude of varying breeds, sizes, body shapes and personalities it is no wonder they have increased significantly in popularity as pets over the years. Typically domestic rabbits have a life span of 8-12 years with many living longer if cared for in the most appropriate manner. Cat and Dog owners today are very aware of the importance of routine intestinal parasite prevention however, the same cannot be said for rabbit owners. Currently there is a lack in continuity of advice from breeders, pet shop owners and vets as to whether or not it is appropriate to routinely prevent against intestinal parasites. Common intestinal parasites of pet rabbits are Coccidia, Nematodes and Cestodes all of which show little to no zoonotic threat. Coccidiosis is the most common intestinal parasite in rabbits and is a highly contagious protozoal sporazoral infection (Bhat et al 1996). It is caused by the protozoal parasite Eimeria sp. There have been as many as 25 species of coccidia identified, each with varying degrees or pathogenicityand organ specificity (AL-Naimi et al 2012). Healthy rabbits can be asymptomatic carriers of the protozoa. All Eimeria species undergo complex life cycle having both intracellular and extracellular stages and asexual and sexual reproduction (AL-Naimi et al 2012). Coccidiosis is initiated by oral ingestion of the sporulated oocyst by a susceptible host (AL-Naimi et al 2012) and the â€Å"infection will develop into disease in young rabbits primarily whereas adults are mostly carriers† (Coudert P., 1989). There are two main forms of the disease, hepatic and intestinal with the latter being more common (Coudert et al. 1995). The majority of the intestinal species develop in the small intesti nes. Symptoms of the disease include failure of young animals to gain weight, diarrhoea, anaemia and growth retardation (Hobbs and Twigg 1998). There are non pathogenic to slightly pathogenic Eimeria sp (E.media, E. exigua, E.perforans E. coecicola), moderately pathogenic (E. irresiduia , E.magna, E.piriformis) and extremely pathogenic (E.intestinalis, E.flavescens) (Licois and Coudert, 1980; Coudert et al., 1993). In all the intestinal types the prepatent phase lasts from 5-35 days. The nematode or pinworm Passalurus ambiguus is a very common parasite of the domestic rabbit (Boag 1988). They are long thin worms which are often first noted by owners on the surface of freshly passed faeces (Boag et al 2001). The adult worms are inactive with the immature larvae being mildly pathogenic causing weight loss (Cattadori, Albert and Boag, 2007). Infection is spread through faecal oral route from contaminated animals (Cattadori, Albert and Boag, 2007). Less common nematodes found in domestic rabbits are the Obeliscoides cuniculi and the Trichostrongylus spp (Cattadori, Albert and Boag, 2007). The most common cestode or tapeworm to be found in the domestic rabbit is the Taenia pisiformis, however in general cestodes are not commonly isolated from pet rabbits (Cattadori, Boag and Hudson, 2008). The larval forms of the tapeworm develop in the liver and abdominal cavity, compared to the adult form which can be found in the intestines of the rabbit (Cattadori, Boag and Hudson, 2008). The larval forms are more common in hutched rabbits. The life cycle of the T. pisiformis is dependent on the dog. Rabbits acquire tapeworms by ingesting contaminated feed and water containing tapeworm segments and eggs from the faeces of dogs (Poderson and Fenton, 2006). The young larvae are then released from the egg, penetrate the digestive tract and migrate to the liver (Poderson and Fenton, 2006). They migrate within the liver, entering into the abdominal cavity. Here they will form fluid filled cysts (cysticerci) which can exit the abdominal cavity with faeces which can then be ingested by do gs (Dolibes-Matcos et al,. 2009), where it is able to develop into a mature tapeworm (Poderson and Fenton, 2006). Therefore parasite prevention within multi pet households plays a pivotal role in cestode population within domestic rabbits (Poderson and Fenton, 2006). There has been considerable research done on intestinal parasites of rabbits used for farming purposes, whether it be for meat or fur production as they have the potential to be a production loosing expense. However the same cannot be said for the domestic household pet rabbit. For this reason there is inconsistent advice given to rabbit owners with regards to the prevalence, prevention and treatment of intestinal parasites. In an attempt to correct this short coming, this study aims to analyse the prevalence of intestinal parasites in a random population of domestic rabbits, to ascertain if prophylactic intestinal parasite treatment is warranted. METHODS AND MATERIALS Faecal samples were collected from 36 randomly selected domestic rabbits. The rabbits were all rescued or surrendered rabbits with unknown previous parasite treatment history. The rabbits were all of varying ages and breeds. The rabbits when sampled were all housed outdoors either in multi rabbit accommodation or single hutches. It was unknown if the rabbits had previously been housed indoors or outdoors. Fresh faecal pellets were collected from each rabbit individually. The faeces was stored in plastic sealed bags and stored at 4 °C until analysis. The McMasters technique was used to assess the faecal samples. 4 grams of faeces was placed into a container and 56ml of saturated salt solution was added (400grams of sodium chloride in 1000ml of water with a specific gravity of 1.18-1.20) (Carvalho et al. 2011; Mundt et al. 2005; Velkers, et al. 2010). The contents of the container were thoroughly mixed and then filtered through a tea strainer (Cattadori, Albert and Boag, 2007). The r emaining suspension was then transferred into the McMasters counting chamber using a pipette and rested for 5 minutes (Coudert et al. 1995). The number of oocysts, nematodes and cestodes were calculated within each chamber and then multiplied by 50 to give the oocyst, nematodes or cestode per gram of faeces (OPG) (Cattadori, Albert and Boag, 2007). Analysing the McMasters chamber allowed for the identification of different nematode and cestode eggs however only the Eimeria sp was able to the identified. Further analysis into what subspecies was present was not completed as this required sporulation of the oocysts which was not feasible in this study. This statistical package Minitab was used for data analysis and a value of P RESULTS Of the 36 rabbit faecal samples tested, 30 rabbits showed to have intestinal parasites. Table 1 shows the most common parasite found on faecal analysis was coccidia, Eimeria sp with a prevalence of 83% followed by Passalurus ambigious 22%. With 83% of the population sampled infected with Eimeria sp further analysis was done with regards to possible influences on the intensity of invasion. Table 2 shows the effect of age of the rabbits with regards to prevalence of Eimeria sp. There was a significant difference (P value Eimeria sp. There was a higher prevalence noted with rabbits who were aged 3 months to 1 year compared to less than 3 months or over one year old. This is consistent with results recorded by Fa Jing et al. 2011. Table 3 shows the effect of breed with regards to the prevalence of Eimeria sp. The Lionhead rabbits were most effected with Eimeria sp, with a prevalence of 28% however there was no significant difference (P value >0.05) in varying breeds with prevalence of th e parasite. Table 3 reports that there was a slightly higher prevalence of Eimeria sp in rabbits housed in a multiple rabbit hutch compared to rabbits who were housed signally, prevalence being 44% and 39% respectively. However, there was no significant difference seen between the two groups (P value >0.05). Table 1: Prevalence of intestinal parasites of 36 sampled domestic rabbits Table 2: Prevalence and intensity of coccidia infection in rabbits sampled dependent on age groups Table 3: Prevalence and intensity of coccidia infection in rabbits sampled dependent on breed Table 4: Prevalence and intensity of coccidia infection in rabbits sampled dependent number in housing DISCUSSION Rai et al. (1985) reported that coccidosis was the most common protozoan disease encountered by rabbits causing acute and chronic disease in all age groups. Be it that the subject group Rai et al 1985 reported on were farmed rabbits destined for the meat trade, this study focussing on domestic pet rabbits has revealed comparable results, with Eimeria sp being the most prevalent internal parasite recorded. Coudert, (1989) suggested that there was no correlation between OPG and the severity of the disease seen in the rabbits. This suggestion correlates to the results reported in this study as even the rabbits with the highest OPG’s, Lionhead breeds and rabbits of 3 months to 1 year of age were not showing any signs of clinical disease (Licois and Coudert, 1980; Coudert et al., 1993). Previous studies by Pakandl et al. (2008) and Papeschi et al. (2013) showed that adult rabbits have the ability to be asymptomatic carriers of the protozoa which stands to reason why non of the rabb its sampled for this study who showed to have a coccidia infestation were not showing any clinical signs of illness. Bhat et al. (1996) described rabbit coccidia as â€Å"very immunogenic† with the ability for hosts to develop natural resistance especially with regards to E.intestinalis. Possibly this may be the reason for 6 rabbits of the 36 sampled to be free from coccidia. A â€Å"crowding phenomenon† was described by Brackett and Bliznick, (1952) which discusses the importance of housing population numbers with respects to OPG’s recorded. Although the prevalence of coccidia in rabbits housed in multiple numbers was higher compared to rabbits housed as individuals, there was no significant difference to be found between the two in this study. Subclinical coccidiosis disease is a possible explanation for 30 of the 36 rabbits sampled who showed to have OPG but not showing clinical signs of disease. As there was no previous history on the rabbits, it is not possible to determine if the rabbits have been slowly decreasing on body weight over time. Even though body weight is a simple recording to be made it is the most accurate when determining if subclinical protozoan disease is present or not (Boag et al 2001; Licois and Coudert, 1980). Multiple studies have shown that there is a relationship between myxoma virus and internal nematode infections within rabbit populations (Boag, 1988; Boag et al., 200; Lello et al., 2005). It has been concluded by Cattadori et al., (2007), (2008) that rabbits which are infected with myxoma virus and or rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) are more susceptible to intestinal nematode and cestode infections (Licois and Coudert, 1980). Given that the vast majority of domestic rabbits are commonly vaccinated against both myxoma virus and RHDV, it stands to reason that this is a contributing factor for the low nematode and cestode prevalence recorded in this study. The aim of this study was to determine if the prevalence of intestinal parasites in pet rabbits warrants routine worming. Given that no rabbit in the sample population was showing signs of clinical intestinal parasitic disease and there were low prevalence percentages for nematodes and cestodes, it can be concluded that routine worming of pet rabbits is not warranted. The high prevalence of coccidia within the population could be contributed to asymptomatic carriers, whereby until clinical signs of disease develop namely weight loss and diarrhoea it would then be appropriate to consider treatment for the disease. This topic should not be considered exhausted by any means. There is great room for scope in this field with only limited research published on this subject to date. Further studies would benefit from greater background knowledge on the sample population, especially with regards to previous medical history and treatment. Given that the domestic rabbits as household pets is continuing to increase in popularity further research into preventable disease is paramount.

Wedding Speech - Best Woman or Maid of Honor :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Wedding Speech – Best Woman or Maid of Honor I just want to tell Paula how honoured I am today to stand by your side on this special day.. On behalf of the bridesmaids and myself I just want to say how beautiful and radiant your look today, it truly has been a special day for all of us. Paula and I have been friends for a number of years now. Over the years, she has taught me the valuable lesson that friendship is the most important thing next to family. We have supported each other through good times and bad. I have many memories of wonderful times spent with Paula, as we all have. And will cherish them forever. The fondest memory I will now have is watching Paula marry her best friend, the love of her life and companion. I love you both very much, you are two very dear friends to me. In the past year I have seen you both grow as individuals and flourish as a couple. Separately you both are very special, remarkable people, but together you are complete.

Ethical theories Essay

There are five types of ethical theories: 1. Teleological theory of ethics 2. Deontological theory 3. Virtue ethics 4. Justice as fairness 5. Feminism The teleological theory examines the consequences in terms of pleasure and pain, which is termed as â€Å"Utilitarianism†. According to this theory, our obligation in any situation is to perform that action which will produce the greatest amount of good over evil. Under this theory, the ethical virtues such as being honest or not lying are not obligatory. Utilitarian morality compels you to do only those particular acts which bring out good results only. For instance, consider a situation where telling the truth can break someone’s heart or hurt his/her feelings then in the light of this theory, lying is better than honesty. One of the fundamental characteristics of utilitarianism is universalism which talks about the pleasure of everyone, rather than benefitting your own self only. The two versions of utilitarianism have evolved from these conditions, act-utilitarianism and rule-utilitarianism. The two great philosophers, Jeremy Bentham and Stuart Mill presented their views in the light of this theory. Bentham proposed the act-utilitarianism theory and said: â€Å"An action is right if it produces greatest amount of pleasure over pain for everyone† However, this statement was greatly opposed by many critics since they termed it as a â€Å"pig philosophy†. Critics complained that pleasure alone can not constitute the good for human beings because even pigs are capable of attaining pleasure from their own bodies so it would be better to live the life of a satisfied pig rather than being a dissatisfied human being such as Socrates. Seeing these objections, Stuart Mill supported the utilitarianism gave the idea of act-utilitarianism by giving his view that an action is right if it produces greatest amount of pleasure over pain by following certain moral rules. Mill said that a person should go for qualitative pleasure rather than quantitative pleasure. Mill also defended the accusation of pig philosophy on Bentham by giving his views that human beings are able to enjoy the higher levels of pleasure than swine. Human beings can pursuit pleasure in the form of intellectual arts and other such activities. Hence, Mill categorized pleasure in higher and lower forms of pleasure. Rule-utilitarianism emphasized tremendously on morality and social obligations, which in fact, are the problems of all teleological theories. Concluding the discussion now, the best theory is the rule-utilitarianism as compared to act-utilitarianism theory because one does not need to calculate the amount of pleasure and pain before performing any deed. Instead, it provides the basic grounds of morality and goodness for doing any action.

Free Essays on Drinking And Driving

Drinking & Driving Driving is a privilege. It’s not a right that was given to you from birth by god himself. Americans are very fortunate to live in a world where you have the choice to drink and drive. Getting behind the wheel of an automobile intoxicated may seem like nothing at all but image if you were the pedestrian walking along the crosswalk, or that little child playing basketball in front of your own home. One right all people have is the right to feel safe, and no one has the right to take that away. When you choose to drink and drive there are other things that you should put into consideration even before you take that first sip of alcohol. One of the most important things to know what actually is happening to your body when you consume alcohol. Almost as soon as you consume a drink it starts to take affect whether you realize it or not. This is partly because alcohol isn’t digested. The bloodstream sucks it through the walls and lining of the stomach. When alcohol gets to the bloodstream it reaches the brain quickly, because a large amount of blood is sent to the brain. The area that is first to be affected by your alcohol intake controls your judgment and reasoning. After that your physical abilities are next to be dulled. When this happens it takes a person longer than a sober person to process information. Finally the part of the brain that is to be affected is the section that operates a person’s reaction time and coordination. An example on the road would be a to over steer, brake late, or not brake at all. When the entire brain is tainted then there is a chance the person may become unconscious. If you decide to drink and your underage or you don’t have a designated driver then its you that will have to pay the consequences. First if you’re underage and even caught in a liquor store your license automatically gets taken away from you. Although if somehow you manage to obtain some alcohol and a polic... Free Essays on Drinking And Driving Free Essays on Drinking And Driving Drinking & Driving Driving is a privilege. It’s not a right that was given to you from birth by god himself. Americans are very fortunate to live in a world where you have the choice to drink and drive. Getting behind the wheel of an automobile intoxicated may seem like nothing at all but image if you were the pedestrian walking along the crosswalk, or that little child playing basketball in front of your own home. One right all people have is the right to feel safe, and no one has the right to take that away. When you choose to drink and drive there are other things that you should put into consideration even before you take that first sip of alcohol. One of the most important things to know what actually is happening to your body when you consume alcohol. Almost as soon as you consume a drink it starts to take affect whether you realize it or not. This is partly because alcohol isn’t digested. The bloodstream sucks it through the walls and lining of the stomach. When alcohol gets to the bloodstream it reaches the brain quickly, because a large amount of blood is sent to the brain. The area that is first to be affected by your alcohol intake controls your judgment and reasoning. After that your physical abilities are next to be dulled. When this happens it takes a person longer than a sober person to process information. Finally the part of the brain that is to be affected is the section that operates a person’s reaction time and coordination. An example on the road would be a to over steer, brake late, or not brake at all. When the entire brain is tainted then there is a chance the person may become unconscious. If you decide to drink and your underage or you don’t have a designated driver then its you that will have to pay the consequences. First if you’re underage and even caught in a liquor store your license automatically gets taken away from you. Although if somehow you manage to obtain some alcohol and a polic...

The Power Outage Problem Alternative Power Supply

The Power Outage Problem Alternative Power Supply Introduction Power supply is a gadget that delivers electrical energy to electronic loads. The power supply that is required in this project is an uninterrupted type, which provides emergency power when the input source fails. This power supply provides immediate protection from input power failure.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on The Power Outage Problem: Alternative Power Supply specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides preventing discontinuation of the test if power outage occurs, uninterrupted power supply can also be used to protect the test equipment from damage or data loss. The purpose of this proposal is to recommend the most appropriate alternative power supply to solve the power outage problem. UPS Power Supply UPS power supply comes in two forms that is, standby and online. A standby type reacts only when a power outage occurs. Consequently, it must come with a particular circuitry that promptly convert s to a power backup. An online power supply does not end its supply of power to the equipment. As such, it does not need to respond promptly when a power outage occurs. When the source of power discontinues, the devise’s batteries continues to supply the equipment with power. This type of power supply is the most preferable, though more expensive (Rashd 79). Considerations While Choosing the Power Backups When choosing one of these power backups, it is important to consider factors such as the amount of time the UPS battery sustains power, whether it provides any warning signal to the server when on standby and whether it has a power-conditioning feature that can trap the inward bound passing noise. Furthermore other factors should be considered such as how the battery degrades over time, the life span of the battery, whether it provides warning signs whenever the battery’s backup power ceases to function and when the batteries need replacement. It is also very importa nt to consider the power requirement of the equipment that will be attached to the power UPS. For example, server installation considerations can be based on the devices that are added to it, such as CPU, monitor, wiring centers and concentrator units (Rashd 98).Advertising Looking for proposal on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Strength of the Power Backups UPSs have a volt-ampere rating, which are the current/amperes multiplied by the line voltage. The power equipment on which the UPS is attached should be added up then a UPS that accommodates such a load should be chosen. First, the ampere rating on each device that is to be attached should be obtained then the rating multiplied by the voltage. The values for each device are then added up and a UPS, which can accommodate at least 20 percent above that load, is chosen. Power supply for each chamber Each of the chambers, including the deepfreeze and oven, should have their own power supply hence two power supplies are required. Although using one power supply can be more economical, the unique requirement of each chamber makes it necessary to differentiate the power supplies (Rashd 68). Lease or buy decision To decide whether it will be more economical to purchase or lease the power supplies, we shall have a practicable analysis. In this case, the power supply cost $570 (including incidental cost). If leased, however, the installment payments will be $225 per annum for five years. The installments are inclusive of the maintenance and service costs. The salvage value of the power supply after five years is $45. The company uses straight-line method of depreciation. If the power supply were bought, service and maintenance charges would be an average of $61.2 per annum. The cost of capital is 18%. Corporate tax is 40%. The cost analysis to show whether the company should buy or lease the equipment is performed as follows: Present Value of Interest PaymentAdvertising We will write a custom proposal sample on The Power Outage Problem: Alternative Power Supply specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The purchase decision is better (Ogilvie 94). Conclusion and recommendation Installation of a power supply is essential as it will prevent interruptions of the tests hence avoid the penalty of $1000 per day, which is considerably a huge loss. Even though it may be argued that the cost of buying or leasing the power supply is significant and less efficient, it should be borne in mind that a technician cannot prevent the power outage and cannot prevent test dilapidation. Hence, hiring technicians to operate the site at night can be better. Therefore, it is recommended that the power supplies be purchased to remedy the situation. Ogilvie, John. CIMA Official Learning System Management Accounting Financial Strategy. New York: Butterworth-Heinemann. 2008. Print. Rashd, Muhamm ad. Power Electronics Handbook: Devices, Circuits, and Applications. New York: Elsevier. 2010. Print.

Community Policing in Your Neighborhood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Community Policing in Your Neighborhood - Essay Example As the initial step of this strategy, police departments strengthen their relationship with local people, thus increasing the rapport. As a part of this strategy, door-to-door visits and residential area meetings are conducted. Through such interactions, citizens are educated on ‘crime prevention, observing the neighborhood, and helping the victims’ (Understanding Community Policing, A Framework for Action, n.d.) This method has its value in military too. The US military is using this strategy to improve the relation with local people, and this is evidently seen in Iraq. Thompson (2009) writes about ‘Operation Backpack’, a mission in which school supplies backpacks are distributed among school children in Iraq. The purpose, as he observes, is to improve the relation between the local people and the coalition forces. From the Iraq issue, it becomes evident that this approach is of high value to military especially for handling insurgencies and in community is sues where one person’s foe is another person’s father. In such cases, suppression or the police way of investigation may be considerably ineffective.

Managing Information Systems Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Managing Information Systems Assignment - Essay Example In this scenario this report will analyze some of the main aspects such as responsibilities of IT and MIS at the business level and overall implementation issues for setting up an online business at D&D International Enterprises. OVERVIEW Currently every business utilizes information systems along with other new technology based objects at all the stages of business processes to gather, perform operations, and store business data. Additionally, this corporate data is collected as well as distributed in the type of effective business information required to perform diverse tasks of the company. In this scenario, every staff member of the company makes use of these information systems to perform assigned tasks. For instance, a car selling business that could utilize a computer database to manage products sell best, and a retail store could utilize a computer-based information technology artifacts as well as information system to sell products over the Internet. ... Normally, organizations use management information systems to facilitate their staff members to use and change information. However, in many cases, the management information systems work behind the scenes, and the users of the information system are not often engaged or even aware of the operations that are managed or controlled by the system. In addition, the management and improvement of information technology systems and tools supports management as well as other staff members in carrying out several operations associated to the management of business information. Moreover, the management information systems and other business systems are particularly valuable in the collection of company data as well as the creation of corporate information to be employed like tools intended for decision making (BPC, 2010; Schauland, 2011; Lari, 2002). MIS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO BUSINESS Management information system is a wide-ranging phrase intended for the computer structures in a business th at offers information regarding its business processes. It is as well employed to submit to the people who handle and supervise these systems. Normally, in a huge business, â€Å"management information system" or the â€Å"Management information system department" refers to a centrally-harmonized or fundamental arrangement of computer administration and proficiency, frequently comprising mainframe systems however in addition comprising the company’s whole network of computer system resources. In the start, they were developed to perform some specific functions of the business such as calculating the payroll as well as managing accounts receivable and payable. As applications evolved and improved those offered executives with

Exploration of The Cultural Challenges that French Companies Face in Essay

Exploration of The Cultural Challenges that French Companies Face in Attempts to Penetrate the Italian Market - Essay Example This study tackles significant considerations of the unique characteristics that the French and the Italian markets respectively have, the latter being the new one to be explored and developed. Such process is very necessary in order to determine what effective sales approaches have to be applied in the Italian market. An existing and working marketing scheme in France may not be viable or practicable in Italy. The advertising concepts and drives used by the company in France may not gain acceptance from the people of Italy. The This research study is limited to the presentation and exploration of the cultural issues in international marketing within the selected focus setting and in concept, theory and exemplifying scenarios. The research will be exhaustive in its conceptual thrust as well as in the material used to substantiate presented arguments, claims, points, ideas and perspectives among other positions. The core objective of this study is to illustrate my skills in the domains of marketing and cross-culture communication as a way of soliciting for related career opportunities in the U.S.A, Italy or in any English-speaking country. This study has been made in order to be read and understood by American audience. The endeavor is in tandem with the skills acquired during my course majoring in "international trade and marketing" at ESC Chambery Business School and the MBA pursued at the BMU.

On Going a Journey Essay Example for Free

On Going a Journey Essay One of the pleasantest things in the world is going a journey; but I like to go by myself. I can enjoy society in a room; but out of doors, nature is company enough for me. I am then never less alone than when alone. The fields his study, nature was his book. I cannot see the wit of walking and talking at the same time. When I am in the country, I wish to vegetate like the country. I am not for criticising hedge-rows and black cattle. I go out of town in order to forget the town and all that is in it. There are those who for this purpose go to watering-places, and carry the metropolis with them. I like more elbow-room, and fewer incumbrances. I like solitude, when I give myself up to it, for the sake of solitude; nor do I ask for ——a friend in my retreat, Whom I may whisper solitude is sweet. The soul of a journey is liberty, perfect liberty, to think, feel, do just as one pleases. We go a journey chiefly to be free of all impediments and of all inconveniences; to leave ourselves behind, much more to get rid of others. It is because I want a little breathing-space to muse on indifferent matters, where Contemplation May plume her feathers and let grow her wings, That in the various bustle of resort Were all too ruffled, and sometimes impaird,  that I absent myself from the town for awhile, without feeling at a loss the moment I am left by myself. Instead of a friend in a post-chaise or in a Tilbury, to exchange good things with, and vary the same stale topics over again, for once let me have a truce with impertinence. Give me the clear blue sky over my head, and the green turf beneath my feet, a winding road before me, and a three hours march to dinner—and then to thinking! It is hard if I cannot start some game on these lone heaths. I laugh, I run, I leap, I sing for joy. From the point of yonder rolling cloud, I plunge into my past being, and revel there, as the sun-burnt Indian plunges headlong into the wave that wafts him to his native shore. Then long-forgotten things, like sunken wrack and sumless treasuries, burst upon my eager  sight, and I begin to feel, think, and be myself again. Instead of an awkward silence, broken by attempts at wit or dull common-place s, mine is that undisturbed silence of the heart which alone is perfect eloquence. No one likes puns, alliterations, antitheses, argument, and analysis better than I do; but I sometimes had rather be without them. Leave, oh, leave me to my repose! I have just now other business in hand, which would seem idle to you, but is with me very stuff of the conscience. Is not this wild rose sweet without a comment? Does not this daisy leap to my heart set in its coat of emerald? Yet if I were to explain to you the circumstance that has so endeared it to me, you would only smile. Had I not better then keep it to myself, and let it serve me to brood over, from here to yonder craggy point, and from thence onward to the far-distant horizon? I should be but bad company all that way, and therefore prefer being alone. I have heard it said that you may, when the moody fit comes on, walk or ride on by yourself, and indulge your reveries. But this looks like a breach of manners, a neglect of others, and you are thinking all the time that you ought to rejoin your party. Out upon such half-faced fellowship, say I. I like to be either entirely to myself, or entirely at the disposal of others; to talk or be silent, to walk or sit still, to be sociab le or solitary. I was pleased with an observation of Mr. Cobbetts, that he thought it a bad French custom to drink our wine with our meals, and that an Englishman ought to do only one thing at a time. So I cannot talk and think, or indulge in melancholy musing and lively conversation by fits and starts, Let me have a companion of my way, says Sterne, were it but to remark how the shadows lengthen as the sun declines. It is beautifully said: but in my opinion, this continual comparing of notes interferes with the involuntary impression of things upon the mind, and hurts the sentiment. If you only hint what you feel in a kind of dumb show, it is insipid: if you have to explain it, it is making a toil of a pleasure. You cannot read the book of nature, without being perpetually put to the trouble of translating it for the benefit of others. I am for the synthetical method on a journey, in preference to the analytical. I am content to lay in a stock of ideas then, and to examine and anatomise them afterw ards. I want to see my vague notions float like the down of the thistle before the breeze, and not to have them entangled in the briars and thorns of controversy. For once, I like to have it all my own way; and this  is impossible unless you are alone, or in such company as I do not covet. I have no objection to argue a point with any one for twenty miles of measured road, but not for pleasure. If you remark the scent of a beanfield crossing the road, perhaps your fellow-traveller has no smell. If you point to a distant object, perhaps he is short-sighted, and has to take out his glass to look at it. There is a feeling in the air, a tone in the colour of a cloud which hits your fancy, but the effect of which you are unable to account for. There is then no sympathy, but an uneasy craving after it, and a dissatisfaction which pursues you on the way, and in the end probably produces ill humour. Now I never quarrel with myself, and take all my own conclusions for granted till I find it neces sary to defend them against objections. It is not merely that you may not be of accord on the objects and circumstances that present themselves before you—these may recal a number of objects, and lead to associations too delicate and refined to be possibly communicated to others. Yet these I love to cherish, and sometimes still fondly clutch them, when I can escape from the throng to do so. To give way to our feelings before company, seems extravagance or affectation; and on the other hand, to have to unravel this mystery of our being at every turn, and to make others take an equal interest in it (otherwise the end is not answered) is a task to which few are competent. We must give it an understanding, but no tongue. My old friend C——, however, could do both. He could go on in the most delightful explanatory way over hill and dale, a summers day, and convert a landscape into a didactic poem or a Pindaric ode. He talked far above singing. If I could so clothe my ideas in sounding and flowing words, I might perhaps wish to have some one with me to admire the swelling theme; or I could be more content, were it possible for me still to hear his echoing voice in the woods of All-Foxden. They had that fine madness in them which our first poets had; and if they could have been caught by some rare instrument, would have breathed such strains as the following. ——Here be woods as green As any, air likewise as fresh and sweet As when smooth Zephyrus plays on the fleet Face of the curled stream, with flowrs as many As the young spring gives, and as choice as any; Here be all new delights, cool streams and wells, Arbours oergrown with woodbine, caves and dells; Choose where thou wilt, while I sit by and sing, Or gather rushes to make many a ring For thy long fingers; tell thee tales of love, How the pale Phoebe, hunting in a grove, First saw the boy Endymion, from whose eyes She took eternal fire that never dies; How she conveyd him softly in a sleep, His temples bound with poppy, to the steep Head of old Latmos, where she stoops each night, Gilding the mountain with her brothers light, To kiss her sweetest.—— Faithful Shepherdess. Had I words and images at command like these, I would attempt to wake the thoughts that lie slumbering on golden ridges in the evening clouds: but at the sight of nature my fancy, poor as it is, droops and closes up its leaves, like flowers at sunset. I can make nothing out on the spot:—I must have time to collect myself.— In general, a good thing spoils out-of-door prospects: it should be reserved for Table-talk. L—— is for this reason, I take it, the worst company in the world out of doors; because he is the best within. I grant, there is one subject on which it is pleasant to talk on a journey; and that is, what one shall have for supper when we get to our inn at night. The open air improves this sort of conversation or friendly altercation, by setting a keener edge on appetite. Every mile of the road heightens the flavour of the viands we expect at the end of it. How fine it is to enter some old town, walled and turreted just at the approach of night-fall, or to come to some straggling village, with the lights streaming through the surrounding gloom; and then after inquiring for the best entertainment that the place affords, to take ones ease at ones inn! These eventful moments in our lives history are too precious, too full of solid, heart-felt happiness to be frittered and dribbled away in imperfect sympathy. I would have them all to myself, and drain them to the last drop: they will do to talk of or to write about afterwards. What a delicate speculation it is, after drinking whole goblets of tea, The cups that  cheer, but not inebriate, and letting the fumes ascend into the brain, to sit considering what we shall have for supper—eggs and a rasher, a rabbit smothered in onions, or an excellent veal-cutlet! Sancho in such a situation once fixed upon cow-heel; and his choice, though he could not help it, is not to be disparaged. Then in the intervals of pictured scenery and Shandean contemplation, to catch the preparation and the stir in the kitchen—Procul, O procul este profani! These hours are sacred to silence and to musing, to be treasured up in the memory, and to feed the source of smiling thoughts hereafter. I would not waste them in idle talk; or if I must have the integrity of fancy broken in upon, I would rather it were by a stranger than a friend. A stranger takes his hue and character from the time and place; he is a part of the furniture and costume of an inn. If he is a Quaker, or from the West Riding of Yorkshire, so much the better. I do not even try to sympathise with him, and he breaks no squares. I associate nothing with my travelling companion but present objects and passing events. In his ignorance of me and my affairs, I in a manner forget myself. But a friend reminds one of other things, rips up old grievances, and destroys the abstraction of the scene. He comes in ungraciously between us and our imaginary character. Something is dropped in the course of conversation that gives a hint of your profession and pursuits; or from having some one with you that knows the less sublime portions of your history, it seems that other people do. You are no longer a citizen of the world: but your unhoused free condition is put into circumscription and confine. The incognito of an inn is one of its striking privileges—lord of ones-self, uncumberd with a name. Oh! it is great to shake off the trammels of the world and of public opinion—to lose our importunate, tormenting, everlasting personal identity in the elements of nature, and become the creature of the moment, clear o f all ties—to hold to the universe only by a dish of sweet-breads, and to owe nothing but the score of the evening—and no longer seeking for applause and meeting with contempt, to be known by no other title than the Gentleman in the parlour! One may take ones choice of all characters in this romantic state of uncertainty as to ones real pretensions, and become indefinitely respectable and negatively right-worshipful. We baffle prejudice and  disappoint conjecture; and from being so to others, begin to be objects of curiosity and wonder even to ourselves. We are no more those hackneyed commonplaces that we appear in the world: an inn restores us to the level of nature, and quits scores with society! I have certainly spent some enviable hours at inns—sometimes when I have been left entirely to myself, and have tried to solve some metaphysical problem, as once at Witham-common, where I found out the proof that likeness is not a case of the association of ideas—at other times, when there have been pictures in the room, as at St. Neots, (I think it was) where I first met with Gribelins engravings of the Cartoons, into which I entered at once, and at a little inn on the borders of Wales, where there happened to be hanging some of Westalls drawings, which I compared triumphantly (for a theory that I had, not for the admired artist) with the figure of a girl who had ferried me over the Severn, standing up in the boat between me and the twilight—at other times I might mention luxuriating in books, with a peculiar interest in this way, as I remember sitting up half the night to read Paul and Virginia, which I picked up at an inn at Bridgewater, after being drenched in the rain all day; and at the same place I got through two volumes of Madame DArblays Camilla. It was on the tenth of April, 1798, that I sat down to a volume of the New Eloise, at the inn at Llangollen, over a bottle of sherry and a cold chicken. The letter I chose was that in which St. Preux describes his feelings as he first caught a glimpse from the heights of the Jura of the Pays de Vaud, which I had brought with me as a bon bouche to crown the evening with. It was my birth-day, and I had for the first time come from a place in the neighbourhood to visit this delightful spot. The road to Llangollen turns off between Chirk and Wrexham; and on passing a certain point, you come all at once upon the valley, which opens like an amphitheatre, broad, barren hills rising in majestic state on either side, with green upland swells that echo to the bleat of flocks below, and the river Dee babbling over its stony bed in the midst of them. The valley at this time glittered green with sunny showers, and a budding ash-tree dipped its tender branches in the chiding stream. How proud, how glad I was to walk along the high road that overlooks the delicious prospect, repeating the lines which I have just quoted from Mr. Coleridges poems. But besides the prospect which opened beneath my feet, another also opened to my inward  sight, a heavenly vision, on which were written, in letters large as Hope could make them, these four words, LIBERTY, GENIUS, LOVE, VIRTUE; which have since faded into the light of common day, or mock my idle gaze. The beautiful is vanished, and returns not. Still I would return some time or other to this enchanted spot; but I would return to it alone. What other self could I find to share that influx of thoughts, of regret, and delight, the fragments of which I could hardly conjure up to myself, so much have they been broken and defaced! I could stand on some tall rock, and overlook the precipice of years that separates me from what I then was. I was at that time going shortly to visit the poet whom I have above named. Where is he now? Not only I myself have changed; the world, which was then new to me, has become old and incorrigible. Yet will I turn to thee in thought, O sylvan Dee, in joy, in youth and gladness as thou then wert; and thou shalt always be to me the river of Paradise, where I will drink of the waters of life freely! There is hardly any thing that shows the short-sightedness or capriciousness of the imagination more than travelling does. With change of place we change our ideas; nay, our opinions and feelings. We can by an effort indeed transport ourselves to old and long-forgotten scenes, and then the picture of the mind revives again; but we forget those that we have just left. It seems that we can think but of one place at a time. The canvas of the fancy is but of a certain extent, and if we paint one set of objects upon it, they immediately efface every other. We cannot enlarge our conceptions, we only shift our point of view. The landscape bares its bosom to the enraptured eye, we take our fill of it, and seem as if we could form no other image of beauty or grandeur. We pass on, and think no more of it: the horizon that shuts it from our sight, also blots it from our memory like a dream. In travelling through a wild barren country, I can form no idea of a woody and cultivated one. It appears to me that all the world must be barren, like what I see of it. In the country we forget the town, and in town we despise the country. Beyond Hyde Park, says Sir Fopling Flutter, all is a desert. All that part of the map that we do not see before us is a blank. The world in our conceit of it is not much bigger than a nutshell. It is not one prospect expanded into another, county joined to county, kingdom to kingdom, lands to seas, making an image  voluminous and vast;—the mind can form no larger idea of space than the eye can take in at a single glance. The rest is a name written in a map, a calculation of arithmetic. For instance, what is the true signification of that immense mass of territory and population, known by the name of China to us? An inch of paste-board on a wooden globe, of no more account than a China orange! Things near us are seen of the size of life: things at a distance are diminished to the size of the understanding. We measure the universe by ourselves, and even comprehend the texture of our own being only piece-meal. In this way, however, we remember an infinity of things and places. The mind is like a mechanical instrument that plays a great variety of tunes, but it must play them in succession. One idea recalls another, but it at the same time excludes all others. In trying to renew old recollections, we cannot as it were unfold the whole web of our existence; we must pick out the single threads. So in coming to a place where we have formerly lived and with which we have intimate associations, every one must have found that the feeling grows more vivid the nearer we approach the spot, from the mere anticipation of the actual impression: we remember circumstances, feelings, persons, faces, names, that we had not thought of for years; but for the time all the rest of the world is forgotten!—To return to the question I have quitted above. I have no objection to go to see ruins, aqueducts, pictures, in company with a friend or a party, but rather the contrary, for the former reason reversed. They are intelligible matters, and will bear talking about. The sentiment here is not tacit, but communicable and overt. Salisbury Plain is barren of criticism, but Stonehenge will bear a discussion antiquarian, picturesque, and philosophical. In setting out on a party of pleasure, the first consideration always is where we shall go to: in taking a solitary ramble, the question is what we shall meet with by the way. The mind is its own place; nor are we anxious to arrive at the end of our journey. I can myself do the honours indifferently well to works of art and curiosity. I once took a party to Oxford with no mean eclat—shewed them that seat of the Muses at a distance, With glistering spires and pinnacles adornd—  descanted on the learned air that breathes from the grassy quadrangles and stone walls of halls and colleges—was at home in the Bodleian; and at  Blenheim quite superseded the powdered Ciceroni that attended us, and that pointed in vain with his wand to common-place beauties in matchless pictures.—A s another exception to the above reasoning, I should not feel confident in venturing on a journey in a foreign country without a companion. I should want at intervals to hear the sound of my own language. There is an involuntary antipathy in the mind of an Englishman to foreign manners and notions that requires the assistance of social sympathy to carry it off. As the distance from home increases, this relief, which was at first a luxury, becomes a passion and an appetite. A person would almost feel stifled to find himself in the deserts of Arabia without friends and countrymen: there must be allowed to be something in the view of Athens or old Rome that claims the utterance of speech; and I own that the Pyramids are too mighty for any simple contemplation. In such situations, so opposite to all ones ordinary train of ideas, one seems a species by ones-self, a limb torn off from society, unless one can meet with instant fellowship and support.—Yet I did not feel this want or craving very pressing once, when I first set my foot on the laughing shores of France. Calais was peopled with novelty and delight. The confused, busy murmur of the place was like oil and wine poured into m y ears; nor did the mariners hymn, which was sung from the top of an old crazy vessel in the harbour, as the sun went down, send an alien sound into my soul. I only breathed the air of general humanity. I walked over the vine-covered hills and gay regions of France, erect and satisfied; for the image of man was not cast down and chained to the foot of arbitrary thrones: I was at no loss for language, for that of all the great schools of painting was open to me. The whole is vanished like a shade. Pictures, heroes, glory, freedom, all are fled: nothing remains but the Bourbons and the French people!—There is undoubtedly a sensation in travelling into foreign parts that is to be had nowhere else: but it is more pleasing at the time than lasting. It is too remote from our habitual associations to be a common topic of discourse or reference, and, like a dream or another state of existence, does not piece into our daily modes of life. It is an animated but a momentary hallucination. It demands an effort to exchange our actual for our ideal identity; and to feel the pulse of our old transports revive very keenly, we must jump all our present comforts and connexions. Our romantic and itinerant character is not to be  domesticated. Dr. Johnson remarked how little foreign travel added to the facilities of conversation in those who had been abroad. In fact, the time we have spent there is both delightful and in one sense instructive; but it appears to be cut out of our substantial, downright existence, and never to join kindly on to it. We are not the same, but another, and perhaps more enviable individual, all the time we are out of our own country. We are lost to ourselves, as well as our friends. So the poet somewhat quaintly sings, Out of my country and myself I go. Those who wish to forget painful thoughts, do well to absent themselves for a while from the ties and objects that recal them: but we can be said only to fulfil our destiny in the place that gave us birth. I should on this account like well enough to spend the whole of my life in travelling abroad, if I could any where borrow another life to spend afterwards at home! Hazlitt.